• A varicocele is an abnormal dilation of veins going to the testes. If there is a varicocele, it can be surgically ligates and might help fertility in some cases.

• Some men with relatively mild sperm abnormalities have been treated with induction medications or tonics in an attempt to improve the semen.

• Extraction of the sperms from the testes in cases absence in the semen analysis and problems for a man in producing them. It is possible to take a small cut of the testis (TESE) or aspirate the testis (TESA) and epididymis with a fine needle (MESA).

Induction by drugs

Testicular sperm extraction